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18711 votes. USA. directors: Greta Gerwig. Louisa May Alcott. movie info: Jo March reflects back and forth on her life, telling the beloved story of the March sisters - four young women each determined to live life on their own terms. average Ratings: 8,4 of 10. As much as I liked the 1994 movie of LITTLE WOMEN (with Winona Ryder as Jo March) it did not motivate me to read Louisa May Alcott's novel. However, the 2019 adaptation had exactly that effect on me. I just ordered a copy from Amazon.
Though it's maybe ten minutes longer than I thought it needed to be (hence my "9" rating) LITTLE WOMEN is terrific! Yes, Greta Gerwig's script mixes in 21st-century gender politics, but never to the point that the film becomes preachy.
There's not a character in this movie, even a minor one, with whom I wouldn't want to sit down and have a nice, long conversation. I cared very deeply about the Marches, the Laurences, et al, and was anxious to see what became of them. The film did not disappoint.
LITTLE WOMEN is a gentle, life-affirming story that touched my heart in way that IT'S A BEAUTIFUL DAY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD simply did not. I would gladly watch it again.
Tim, looking more serious than usual, is beyond hot. These ladies sure know how to pack a punch with eachother thats forsure! Sheesh I would like for them to just move on from it now... I get Kristy is trying on both ends nd i think thats great if shes going to actually be genuine about it they cant get mad at her for wanting her bff back. 8:37 😂😂😂. 
The Academy 's excellent record on Latinas. Should be nominated for Best use of sarcasm in a YouTube video. 和家人一起看的好电影. Timothée does magic with any role. I've just watched this clip and I loved it! Am I the only one who interprets this untangling Amy's nod as a wish to make her free of the conventions she has to follow as a woman? And also it's suggesting he's falling for her.
Thank you for helping me understand why I wasn't thrilled with the movie. You've explained my feelings in a way I couldn't. I wanted to love it, but I didn't and now I know why. Mujercitas download hd. Nice editing. Why doesnt emma watson do these. Mujercitas download youtube. Terra just cant shut her mouth. Timothee is gorgeous wtf. Was very disappointed with the film it jumped around so much if I hadn't know the story so well I would have been completely lost. It was also so dark couldn't see half the time what was happening on screen. I wouldn't recommend this to true lovers of the original story as it bears little resemblance to the books.
When your friend is dealing with a trash friend, support is a big thing! Terra and Tonya dont have to like Matt, but if they cared about Brianna, they should have just been there and told her how dope she is and how much they loved her. I love how you use the Oscar for truly important discussions, while also taking about the career of wonderful actress. Mujercitas downloader. 
Mujercitas download ebook. Greta Gerwig managed to take a book that has been adapted multiple times and given us something that comes across as completely original! The performances of the 4 main actresses come across as authentic sisterhood. While Watson & Ronan are exceptional (as well as the best known of the young actresses) it's Pugh and Scanlen that steal the show! The cinematography coupled with Desplat's score is breathtaking and should easily pick up multiple award nominations. While I am certain that it will go head to head with movies like The Irishman, this is the one that will stand the test of time. In my humble opinion, this movie is perfect and I can't wait to see it again.
Mujercitas download pdf. Nobody talks about Shakespeare in love these days. Everybody still remembers saving private Ryan tho. Does this scene not remind anyone of the proposal scene in Anne of Greene Gables (Megan Follows and Jonathan Crombie) version? It's literally almost the same wording. Did Greta intend this? Anne of Greene Gables scene. La tía March es viuda y no soltera. Mujercitas download de.
Mujercitas download page. I'm just as thrilled to see the new little women as i was to first watch the 1994 version for the first time - really really glad this story has stayed in cultural consciousness as long as it has; young women need to know this story, and so do young men tbh. Love this movie ❤❤❤. Mujercitas download pdf. Mujercitas downloads. Mujercitas download. Mujercitas download free. Mujercitas download gratis. Mujercitas download free. Sign up to get the latest news on your favorite dramas and mysteries, as well as exclusive content, video, sweepstakes and more. *** START *** The plugin meta info in hide_title: 0 mp_sf_type: None flipcard: 0 listicle: 1 show_numbers: 0 mp_sf_list: a:14:{i:0;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:1;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:2;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:3;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:4;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:5;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:6;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:7;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:8;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:9;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:10;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:11;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:12;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";i:13;s:15:"mp_sf_list_item";} closing_paragraph: Watch Maya Hawke as Jo, Jonah Hauer-King as Laurie, Katherine Newton as Amy, plus Emily Watson, Angela Landsbury, and Michael Gambon as seen on MASTERPIECE in Little Women on PBS Passport, an added member benefit. mp_sf_list_0_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_0_image: mp_sf_list_0_title: Feature Film: 1917 mp_sf_list_0_description: This British silent film, with former Gaiety Girl Ruby Miller as Jo, is the first-ever adaptation of Little Women to the big screen. It is considered lost. mp_sf_list_1_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_1_image: 7198 mp_sf_list_1_title: Feature Film: 1918 mp_sf_list_1_description: Shot in and around Alcott's home in Concord, Massachusetts (it also showed Ralph Waldo Emerson's home), this silent American film starred Dorothy Bernard as Jo. mp_sf_list_2_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_2_image: 7199 mp_sf_list_2_title: Feature Film: 1933 mp_sf_list_2_description: The first Little Women "talkie", starring Katherine Hepburn and directed by George Cukor, was enormously popular with critics and at the box office. A film truly of its moment—the Great Depression—it resonated with audiences in its portrayal of simplicity, frugality, and the resilience of the spirit. Did You Know? • To create one of Jo's dresses, Katherine Hepburn had the costume designer copy a dress worn by her grandmother in a tintype photo. • Actress Joan Bennet, playing a 12-year-old Amy at age 23, was pregnant when she took the role! She hid it from most of the producers. mp_sf_list_3_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_3_image: 7200 mp_sf_list_3_title: Feature Film: 1949 mp_sf_list_3_description: In glorious Technicolor, this immensely popular feature film adaptation was packed with glittering stars. (Thank you, studio system! ) June Allyson, already a legitimate star by the time she took the role of Jo March, rose to fame as a "girl next door" type in a series of MGM films, while Janet Leigh, perhaps most famous today for her role as the doomed shower-taker in Psycho, was Little Women 's Meg March. Margaret O'Brien, who began her career as a child actor and was known as the best crier on the MGM lot—a skill she put to work starring alongside Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis —was Beth March; and Elizabeth Taylor, between her breakout performance in National Velvet and her first mature role in A Place in the Sun, sported a blonde wig as Amy March in her final adolescent role. • In the film, Beth carries around a basket that is actually the same one carried by Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz! • June Allyson, playing 15-year-old Jo at age 31, was pregnant during filming, and was only 11 years younger than Mary Astor, who played Marmee. mp_sf_list_4_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_4_image: 7201 mp_sf_list_4_title: Feature Film: 1994 mp_sf_list_4_description: Nominated for three Academy Awards, directed by a woman, and featuring an ensemble of powerhouse actresses, the 1994 Little Women starred Winona Ryder as Jo March, Kirsten Dunst as young Amy and Samantha Mathis as older Amy, Trini Alvarado as Meg, Claire Danes as Beth, and Susan Sarandon as Marmee. And that's just the women: Christian Bale was Laurie and Gabriel Byrne was Professor Bhaer! Acclaimed for its timelessness, warmth, and performances, it's considered a challenger to the 1933 version as the best film adaptation. • Like a Who's Who of '90s young actresses, the role of (young) Amy was auditioned for by Natalie Portman, Christina Ricci, and Thora Birch. Alicia Silverstone auditioned for Beth. mp_sf_list_5_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_5_image: 12389 mp_sf_list_5_title: Feature Film: 2019 mp_sf_list_5_description: This Greta Gerwig reboot brings the star power to Concord, Massachusetts—and straight to your hearts—with a cast that will hook everyone from the Greatest Generation to Gen Z: none other than Meryl Streep plays Aunt March; Saoirse Ronan is Jo; Hermione Emma Watson is Meg; Florence Pugh is the worst March sister Amy; and Eliza Scanlon is Beth. Plus, Timothée Chalamet is Laurie! • Emma Stone was originally slated for the role of Meg but had to bow out to film The Favourite. • Greta Gerwig both directed the film and wrote the script. mp_sf_list_6_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_6_image: 12388 mp_sf_list_6_title: Television: On MASTERPIECE on PBS mp_sf_list_6_description: Giving the beloved story three full episodes, MASTERPIECE's 2018 Little Women transported viewers into Jo's journey and the March family's embrace with immediacy and a youthful, vibrant spirit. With Maya Hawke ( Stranger Things) as Jo, Jonah Hauer-King ( World on Fire, The Little Mermaid) as Laurie, Katherine Newton ( Detective Pikachu) as Amy, plus Emily Watson ( Chernobyl), Angela Lansbury ( Murder, She Wrote, The Manchurian Candidate), and Michael Gambon, Little Women made great use of its iconic and its rising stars. See for yourself: Watch Little Women on PBS Passport, an added member benefit! • In a perfect instance of Hollywood meets Little Women, Jo is played by Maya Hawke, whose father, Ethan Hawke, starred with Winona Ryder, Jo March in the 1994 feature film, in the 1994 Gen X comedy-drama Reality Bites.. 's Winona Ryder, who is a part of the iconic ensemble of Stranger Things —which Maya Hawke joined in its third season! mp_sf_list_7_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_7_image: mp_sf_list_7_title: Television: Japanese Animated Series mp_sf_list_7_description: 1981 This Japanese anime series, Wakakusa no Yon Shimai or Four Sisters of Young Grass, was based on a 1980 animated Japanese TV special, and ran for 26 episodes. 1987 Another Japanese Little Women anime, Ai no Wakakusa Monogatari or Love's Tale of Young Grass, was very loosely derived from Alcott's book and includes many original characters. Later dubbed in English, it ran on HBO as Tales of Little Women in 1988. It is available to stream on Amazon Prime. mp_sf_list_8_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_8_image: 7202 mp_sf_list_8_title: Television: 1978 mp_sf_list_8_description: In a feat of casting that rivals Charlie's Angels in its '70s-ness, this NBC two-parter starred Susan Dey ( The Partridge Family) as Jo; Meredith Baxter Birney ( Family Ties) as Meg; Eve Plumb ( The Brady Bunch) as Beth; and Ann Dusenberry as Amy. Plus William Shatner ( Star Trek 's James T. Kirk!!!! ) is Professor Bhaer. mp_sf_list_9_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_9_image: mp_sf_list_9_title: Television: 1939-1970 mp_sf_list_9_description: 1939 This early television version of Little Women for NBC-TV was based on the 1912 Broadway play written by Marian de Forest. It is considered lost. 1946 The book was again adapted for American television with Margaret Hayes as Jo, and was directed by Ernest Colling. It too is considered lost. 1949 This now-lost CBS "Ford Theatre Hour" production starred Meg Mundy as Jo. A young June Lockhart ( Lost in Space) played Amy. 1950 This two-part adaptation from Westinghouse's "Studio One Hollywood" in 1950 stars Nancy Marchand (Tony Soprano's mom Livia! ) as Jo March. Part one was called "Little Women: Meg's Story" and part two, titled "Little Women: Jo's Story", is available on Amazon under the wrong title, which mistakenly represents it as a restored version of the 1918 film. 1950 The BBC's first Little Women was a television adaptation of a play based on Alcott's book by Winifred Oughton and Brenda R. Thompson, airing in six titled episodes from December, 1950-January 1951. 1958 A televised musical version of Little Women for CBS-TV came to the screen via a slew of mid-century Broadway luminaries, including Richard Adler ( The Pajama Game, Damn Yankees) doing music and lyrics. Florence Henderson ( The Brady Bunch) played Meg March, and Margaret O'Brien reprised her role of Beth from the 1949 feature film. Yet the production was considered a dud, compressing the story to one hour, and—strangely—omitting Beth's death. Fan reactions ranged from puzzled to angry, and one viewer told the ad agency producing the film, "We're going to let Beth live and kill Dick Adler! " Still, the score won critical praise and the cast recording is still available. 1958 A six-episode presentation of Little Women by the BBC. 1970 The BBC's 1970 nine-part Little Women TV series received low marks for being low-budget, bland, and cast with actresses too old for their roles, clad in bad wigs, and struggling with their American accents. Heidi Thomas, writer of the upcoming Little Women on MASTERPIECE, remembers watching the series as an eight-year-old and being appalled by Amy's stumble into a small ornamental pond rather than crashing through a frozen lake. mp_sf_list_10_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_10_image: mp_sf_list_10_title: On Stage: 1912 Broadway Play mp_sf_list_10_description: Little Women was still in copyright when American theatre director and actress Jessie Bonstelle began campaigning Alcott's heirs, nephews Fred Pratt (the book's "Daisy") and John Alcott (the book's "Demi") for rights to adapt the novel for the stage. After eight years and Pratt's death, Alcott's consent (granted in memory of his aunt's fondness for the stage) made possible Bonstelle's 1912 Broadway production of Little Women, adapted by Marian de Forest. mp_sf_list_11_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_11_image: mp_sf_list_11_title: On Stage: 1969 Ballet mp_sf_list_11_description: An hour-long Little Women ballet, starring 63 children and featuring dramatic monologues delivered by mid-century award winning stage and screen actress Geraldine Page, aired live on NBC's "NBC Children's Theatre. " The performance can be found on YouTube. show_featured_image: 0 letter_format: 0 question_answer: 0 mp_sf_list_12_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_12_image: 7207 mp_sf_list_12_title: On Stage: 1998 Opera mp_sf_list_12_description: Workshopped and premiered by the Houston Grand Opera in 1998, composer Mark Adamo's first opera, Little Women, won critical praise, and has been staged in over 20 productions, one of which aired in 2001 on PBS' Great Performances. mp_sf_list_13_mp4_video: mp_sf_list_13_image: 7208 mp_sf_list_13_title: On Stage: 2005 Broadway Play mp_sf_list_13_description: A new Broadway musical premiered in 2005, starring Sutton Foster ( Younger, Bunheads) as Jo and Broadway actress Maureen McGovern as Marmee. Foster received a Tony Award Best Actress in a Musical nomination for her performance. *** END **********************************************************************.
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Why is amy never with beth. Mujercitas download online. Mujercitas downloads. Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 7 wins & 17 nominations. See more awards » Videos Learn more More Like This Drama | Family Romance 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. 3 / 10 X A group of sisters experience life's difficulties and its pleasures while growing up in nineteenth-century America. Director: Mervyn LeRoy Stars: June Allyson, Peter Lawford, Margaret O'Brien 8 / 10 Jo March reflects back and forth on her life, telling the beloved story of the March sisters - four young women each determined to live life on their own terms. Greta Gerwig Saoirse Ronan, Emma Watson, Florence Pugh 7. 2 / 10 A chronicle of the lives of a group of sisters growing up in nineteenth-century America. George Cukor Katharine Hepburn, Joan Bennett, Paul Lukas Biography A woman leaves an Austrian convent to become a governess to the children of a Naval officer widower. Robert Wise Julie Andrews, Christopher Plummer, Eleanor Parker Dramatization of Louisa May Alcott's novel about the lives of the four March sisters during the American Civil War as they learn to navigate love, loss, and the trials of growing up. Maya Hawke, Kathryn Newton, Dylan Baker 7. 6 / 10 Rich Mr. Dashwood (Tom Wilkinson) dies, leaving his second wife and her three daughters poor by the rules of inheritance. The two eldest daughters are the title opposites. Ang Lee Emma Thompson, Kate Winslet, James Fleet Musical Good girl Sandy and greaser Danny fell in love over the summer. When they unexpectedly discover they're now in the same high school, will they be able to rekindle their romance? Randal Kleiser John Travolta, Olivia Newton-John, Stockard Channing Comedy 6. 3 / 10 Mia Thermopolis has just found out that she is the heir apparent to the throne of Genovia. With her friends Lilly and Michael Moscovitz in tow, she tries to navigate through the rest of her sixteenth year. Garry Marshall Anne Hathaway, Hector Elizondo 7. 8 / 10 Sparks fly when spirited Elizabeth Bennet meets single, rich, and proud Mr. Darcy. But Mr. Darcy reluctantly finds himself falling in love with a woman beneath his class. Can each overcome his or her own pride and prejudice? Joe Wright Keira Knightley, Matthew Macfadyen, Brenda Blethyn Animation 7. 5 / 10 Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg... See full summary » Keiko Han, Eiko Yamada, Mayumi Shô 8. 9 / 10 While the arrival of wealthy gentlemen sends her marriage-minded mother into a frenzy, willful and opinionated Elizabeth Bennet matches wits with haughty Mr. Darcy. Colin Firth, Jennifer Ehle, Susannah Harker A pretty, popular teenager can't go out on a date until her ill-tempered older sister does. Gil Junger Heath Ledger, Julia Stiles, Joseph Gordon-Levitt Edit Storyline Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg, Amy and Beth are at home with their mother, a very outspoken women for her time. The story tells of how the sisters grow up, find love and find their place in the world. Plot Summary Plot Synopsis Taglines: The story that has Lived in our hearts For generations, Now comes to the screen For the holidays See more » Details Release Date: 25 December 1994 (USA) Also Known As: Little Women Box Office Budget: $18, 000, 000 (estimated) Opening Weekend USA: $2, 411, 247, 25 December 1994 Cumulative Worldwide Gross: $50, 083, 616 See more on IMDbPro » Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs » Did You Know? Trivia This is the third screen version to be Oscar nominated but never in the same category. The first one in 1933 was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay (winner). The second one in 1949 was nominated for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration color and Best Cinematography color (winner). This 1994 version was nominated for Best Actress, Best Costume Design and Best Original Score. See more » Goofs When Laurie spots Amy painting in Europe, he drops his cigarette twice. See more » Quotes Laurie: I'm quite taken by that one. Jo: That's Meg! Meg. That's my sister. She's completely bald in front. Soundtracks Maria Redowa Composed by Gaetano Donizetti See more » Frequently Asked Questions See more ».
Mujercitas download mp3. Mujercitas download full. But someone tell me I'm not the only one actually crying right now. Mujercitas download download. She's the stweetest! i think she wanted to stick with timmy all the way through 😂. Ich hab den Film heute mit meiner Oma im Kino geguckt der war soo traurig ich musste dreimal weinen😭😭. Mujercitas download 1. Mujercitas download 2018. Mujercitas download torrent. With all of the hype, I was looking forward to (and even expecting) an interesting, lively and entertaining show. Instead, it was quite. tedious. uneven. over-rated. sad to say (or see. Little Women Theatrical release poster Directed by Greta Gerwig Produced by Amy Pascal Denise Di Novi Robin Swicord Screenplay by Greta Gerwig Based on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott Starring Saoirse Ronan Emma Watson Florence Pugh Eliza Scanlen Laura Dern Timothée Chalamet Meryl Streep Tracy Letts Bob Odenkirk James Norton Louis Garrel Chris Cooper Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Yorick Le Saux Edited by Nick Houy Production company Columbia Pictures Regency Enterprises Pascal Pictures Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date December 7, 2019 ( MoMA) December 25, 2019 (United States) Running time 135 minutes [1] Country United States Language English Budget $40 million [2] Box office $205 million [3] [4] Little Women is a 2019 American coming-of-age period drama film written and directed by Greta Gerwig. It is the seventh film adaptation of the 1868 novel of the same name by Louisa May Alcott. The film stars Saoirse Ronan, Emma Watson, Florence Pugh, Eliza Scanlen, Laura Dern, Timothée Chalamet, Meryl Streep, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, James Norton, Louis Garrel, and Chris Cooper. Little Women had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 7, 2019, and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received critical acclaim, and has grossed $204 million worldwide. Among its numerous accolades, the film received six nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress (Ronan), Best Supporting Actress (Pugh), and Best Adapted Screenplay, [5] and won for Best Costume Design. It also received five nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards, winning for Best Costume Design, and two nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards. Plot [ edit] In 1868, Jo is a teacher in New York City. She goes to an editor, Mr. Dashwood, and gets a story published subject to considerable editing, although she doesn't want her name on it. Her sister Amy, in Paris with their Aunt March, sees childhood friend Laurie and invites him to a party. At the party, she is angry at his drunken behavior, and he mocks her for spending time with a wealthy businessman, Fred Vaughn. In New York, Jo meets with Friedrich Bhaer, a professor infatuated with her, and he constructively criticizes her work. Jo takes it personally and breaks their friendship off. In 1861 in Concord, Massachusetts, Jo and Meg go to a party where Jo feels like an outsider. She meets Laurie, the grandson of their neighbor Mr. Laurence, who feels the same way. Laurie is new to town and spent most of his life in Europe. They spend the evening together dancing around the house. When Meg injures her foot, Laurie helps to get the girls home and meets the March family. On Christmas morning, their mother, "Marmee", persuades the girls to give their breakfast to their poor neighbor, Mrs. Hummel, and her group of starving young children. Upon returning home, the girls see their table full of food, provided by Mr. Laurence who saw them give away their breakfast, and a letter from their father fighting in the American Civil War. Jo visits their Aunt March, who tries to persuade Jo to be a proper young lady and to marry rich. She invites Jo to Europe with her, which Jo eagerly accepts. During his Latin lesson, Laurie notices Amy standing outside crying, having been hit by her teacher for misbehaving in class (she drew a caricature of him), and invites her in before her family comes to take her home. The girls meet John Brooke, Laurie's tutor. In the present, Laurie visits Amy to apologize for his behavior at the party. Later, he urges Amy not to marry Fred Vaughn, but to marry him instead. Amy is upset at being second for everything to Jo, including Laurie. Amy later turns down Fred's proposal only to learn that Laurie left for London. Meg confesses to her husband that she is tired of being poor, which makes him feel guilty of not being able to give her the things she wants. She quickly has a change of heart and tells him that she loves him anyway. On Meg's wedding day to John Brooke, Jo tries to convince her to run away and claims Meg should be an actress, but Meg tells her she is happy getting married. Aunt March announces her trip to Europe but decides to take Amy instead of Jo, thinking of Jo as a lost cause. After the wedding, Laurie admits his feelings for Jo, but she insists she does not feel the same way, that they are too different and would drive each other crazy In New York, Mr. Dashwood's daughters find the chapters of Jo's book and ask how it ends. He agrees to publish the book but finds it unacceptable that the main character was unmarried. Jo amends her ending so that the main character, herself, chases after Bhaer and stops him from going to California. She negotiates copyright and royalties with Mr. Dashwood. Jo observes as printers print her book, titled Little Women. Later, Jo has inherited Aunt March's house and opened it as a school. Meg teaches acting, and Amy teaches art to the schoolchildren. Bhaer is also shown teaching children at the school. Laurie and Amy are shown with their child. The sisters celebrate their mother's birthday in the garden. Cast [ edit] Production [ edit] Development [ edit] In October 2013, it was announced a new film adaption of Little Women was in development at Sony Pictures, with Olivia Milch writing the script, and Robin Swicord and Denise Di Novi serving as producers. [6] In March 2015, Amy Pascal joined as a producer on the new adaptation, with Sarah Polley hired to write the script and potentially direct. [7] Ultimately, Polley's involvement never went beyond initial discussions. [8] In August 2016, Greta Gerwig was hired to write the script. [9] In June 2018, in light of her awards season success with Lady Bird, Gerwig was brought on as director as well. [10] [11] Casting [ edit] In June 2018, it was announced that Meryl Streep, Emma Stone, Saoirse Ronan, Timothée Chalamet, and Florence Pugh had been cast for the film in undisclosed roles. [10] [11] In July 2018, Eliza Scanlen joined the cast as well, [12] and in August 2018, James Norton and Laura Dern also signed on to appear. [13] [14] Then, in the same month, Stone dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with the press tour for The Favourite, and Emma Watson replaced her. [15] In September 2018, Louis Garrel, Bob Odenkirk and Chris Cooper joined the cast in other roles. [16] [17] [18] In October 2018, New Regency Pictures was announced as an additional financier on the film, and Abby Quinn joined the cast. [19] [20] Filming [ edit] Principal photography began on October 5, 2018, in Boston, Massachusetts. [21] Additional filming locations included Lancaster, Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., the town of Harvard, Massachusetts, and Concord, Massachusetts. [22] Harvard's Arnold Arboretum was used as a location to shoot a scene set in a 19th-century Paris park. [23] Filming wrapped on December 15, 2018. [24] [25] Saoirse Ronan stated that, as previously done with Lady Bird, Gerwig banned cellphones on the set. [26] Music [ edit] On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Alexandre Desplat had been hired to compose the film's score. [27] Release [ edit] Little Women had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 7, 2019, [28] and also screened as the opening film of the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival on December 9, 2019. [29] It was theatrically released in the United States on December 25, 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing. [30] [31] Marketing [ edit] On December 13, 2018, Emma Watson posted an on set photo on social media of herself with writer-director Greta Gerwig and co-stars Saoirse Ronan, Florence Pugh, Eliza Scanlen, and Timothée Chalamet. [32] Six days later, Watson posted another on set photo of her along with Gerwig and co-star Laura Dern. [33] On June 19, 2019, Vanity Fair released the first stills from the film. [34] The official trailer for the film was released on August 13, 2019. [35] Home media [ edit] Little Women is set to be released digitally on March 10, 2020, and on Blu-ray and DVD on April 7, 2020. [36] Reception [ edit] Box office [ edit] As of March 8, 2020, Little Women has grossed $108 million in the United States and Canada, and $97 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $205 million. [3] [4] In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Spies in Disguise and the expansion of Uncut Gems, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3, 308 over its five-day opening weekend. The film made $6. 4 million on Christmas Day and $6 million on its second day. [37] It went on to debut to $16. 8 million (a total of $29. 2 million over the five-day Christmas frame), finishing in fourth. [38] [39] In its second weekend, the film grossed $13. 6 million, finishing third. [40] It then made $7. 8 million and $6. 4 million, respectively, the following weekends. [41] [42] Critical response [ edit] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 379 reviews, with an average rating of 8. 56/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With a stellar cast and a smart, sensitive retelling of its classic source material, Greta Gerwig's Little Women proves some stories truly are timeless. " [43] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 91 out of 100, based on 57 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". [44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, and viewers polled by PostTrak gave it an average five out of five stars. [38] Gerwig's direction was deemed notable for several reasons. Kate Erbland of Indiewire commended Gerwig for how she "modernized the book's timeless story in unexpected ways", [45] while also maintaining an "affection for the original, and keenly aware of how the concerns of Alcott and the March sisters (loosely based on the author’s own family) have never quite abated, no matter the time. " [46] She was also lauded for her screenplay, with Brian Truitt of USA Today dubbing her writing "a fantastic follow-up to her Oscar-nominated Lady Bird that makes Alcott's time and language feel effervescently modern and authentically nostalgic. " [47] The cast was lauded for their collective acting, with one reviewer calling their work "stellar across the board. " [47] Although there were some concerns from critics about miscasting, [46] the overall critics review for the ensemble cast was positive. While the performances of Watson, Dern and Streep as Meg, Marmie and Aunt March, respectively, were commended for bringing depth and empathy, as well as warmth and sensibility to their roles, [48] [49] Ronan, Pugh, and Chalamet earned the most praise for their acting. Ronan and Pugh's performances in scenes together were called by one source as "standouts, portraying the growth of their characters over time but also the combustible dynamic between Jo and Amy, " [47] with other reviewers in agreement. For their individual performances, they both were also given attention, where Ronan "shines as the wonderfully brash and opinionated Jo March" [49] and Pugh's "scenes with Chalamet are more convincing, and her brush with the financial realities of life and the struggle to make a career are more relevant, even though she's the spoiled baby sister of a century and a half ago. " [50] Chalamet was praised for his "earnest and swaggering performance" as Laurie. [51] Ronan and Chalamet were also noted for their "great romantic chemistry". [52] Top ten lists [ edit] Little Women appeared on many critics' year-end top-ten lists, [53] among them: 1st – Alonso Duralde, TheWrap [54] 1st – Kate Erbland, IndieWire [55] 2nd – Lindsey Bahr, Associated Press [56] 2nd – Dann Gire, Chicago Daily Herald [57] 2nd – Tom Gliatto, People [58] 2nd – Sandy Kenyon, WABC-TV [59] 2nd – Eric Kohn, IndieWire [55] 2nd – Kristy Puchko, [60] 2nd – Katie Rife, The A. V. Club [61] 3rd – David Ehrlich, IndieWire [55] 3rd – Todd McCarthy, The Hollywood Reporter [62] 3rd – Johnny Oleksinski, New York Post [63] 3rd – Allison Shoemaker, [60] 3rd – Caroline Siede, The A. Club [61] 3rd – Brian Truitt, USA Today [64] 4th – Ethan Alter, Marcus Errico, and Kevin Polowy, Yahoo! Entertainment [65] 4th – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times [66] 4th – Ann Donahue, IndieWire [55] 4th – David Edelstein, New York [67] 4th – Roxana Hadadi, The A. Club [61] 4th – Christy Lemire, [60] 4th – Peter Sobczynski, [60] 5th – Mark Dujsk, [60] 5th – Matt Goldberg, Collider [68] 5th – Tim Miller, Cape Cod Times [69] 5th – Catherine Shoard, The Guardian [70] 5th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone [71] 5th – Stephanie Zacharek, Time [72] 6th – Don Kaye, Den of Geek [73] 6th – Noel Murray, The A. Club [61] 6th – A. O. Scott, The New York Times [74] 7th – Angie Han, Mashable [75] 7th – Bruce Miller, Sioux City Journal [76] 7th – Nell Minow, [60] 7th – Randy Myers, The Mercury News [77] 8th – Mike Scott, New Orleans Times-Picayune [78] 8th – Zack Sharf, IndieWire [55] 9th – David Sims, The Atlantic [79] 9th – Justine Smith, [60] 10th – Libby Hill, IndieWire [55] 10th – Tomris Laffly, [60] 10th – Alison Willmore, New York [67] Top 10 (not ranked) Tom Brueggemann, IndieWire [55] Leah Lu, IndieWire [55] Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal [80] Dana Stevens, Slate [81] James Verniere, Boston Herald [82] Oscar snubs controversy [ edit] Despite the critical and commercial success of the film, critics were surprised that the film was snubbed for several major nominations during the 2019–20 awards season. Namely, the main complaint was Gerwig's failure to receive an Academy Award nomination for directing. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which has nominated only five women for directing in its awards history, was criticized for not only overlooking Gerwig's directorial effort but the work of all female directors in 2019. [83] Her lack of recognition was attributed by reviewers as part of a larger issue that "reinforces the film's assertion that creative women are not celebrated as much as their male counterparts. " [84] Critics also noted the lack of recognition for the film's production design and cinematography, as well as the makeup and hairstyling. [83] Accolades [ edit] The film has received numerous awards and nominations. At the 92nd Academy Awards, it received six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress (Ronan), Best Supporting Actress (Pugh) and Best Adapted Screenplay, [85] and won for Best Costume Design [86] in spite of taking great liberty with historical accuracy of the fashions and hairstyles featured. At the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, it received nine nominations, winning for Best Adapted Screenplay. [87] [88] The film also received five nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards and two nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards, and was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year. [89] [90] [91] References [ edit] ^ "Little Women". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 25, 2019. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 13, 2019). "The First Couple of Film: Greta Gerwig and Noah Baumbach Open Up on Their Personal and Professional Partnership". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019. ^ a b "Little Women (2019)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 8, 2020. ^ a b "Little Women (2019) – Financial Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020. ^ "Oscars: Greta Gerwig's Adaptation Brings 'Little Women' Noms Tally to 14". 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Little Women First volume of Little Women (1868) Author Louisa May Alcott Country United States Language English Series Little Women Genre Coming of age Bildungsroman Publisher Roberts Brothers Publication date 1868 (1st volume) 1869 (2nd volume) Media type Print Pages 759 Followed by Little Men Little Women is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888) which was originally published in two volumes in 1868 and 1869. Alcott wrote the book over several months at the request of her publisher. [1] [2] The story follows the lives of the four March sisters—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—and details their passage from childhood to womanhood. It is loosely based on the lives of the author and her three sisters. [3] [4]: 202 Scholars classify it as an autobiographical or semi-autobiographical novel. [5] [6]: 12 Little Women was an immediate commercial and critical success, with readers demanding to know more about the characters. Alcott quickly completed a second volume (titled Good Wives in the United Kingdom, although this name originated from the publisher and not from Alcott), and it was also successful. The two volumes were issued in 1880 as a single novel titled Little Women. Alcott wrote two sequels to her popular work, both of which also featured the March sisters: Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). The novel addresses three major themes: "domesticity, work, and true love, all of them interdependent and each necessary to the achievement of its heroine's individual identity. " [7]: 200 According to Sarah Elbert, Alcott created a new form of literature, one that took elements from Romantic children's fiction and combined it with others from sentimental novels, resulting in a totally new format. Elbert argues that within Little Women can be found the first vision of the " All-American girl " and that her various aspects are embodied in the differing March sisters. [7]: 199 The book has frequently been adapted for stage and screen. Development history [ edit] In 1868, Thomas Niles, the publisher of Louisa May Alcott, recommended that she write a book about girls that would have widespread appeal. [4]: 2 At first she resisted, preferring to publish a collection of her short stories. Niles pressed her to write the girls' book first, and he was aided by her father Amos Bronson Alcott, who also urged her to do so. [4]: 207 Louisa confided to a friend, “I could not write a girl’s story knowing little about any but my own sisters and always preferring boys”, as quoted in Anne Boyd Rioux's Meg Jo Beth Amy, a condensed biographical account of Alcott's life and writing. In May 1868, Alcott wrote in her journal: "Niles, partner of Roberts, asked me to write a girl's book. I said I'd try. " [8]: 36 Alcott set her novel in an imaginary Orchard House modeled on her own residence of the same name, where she wrote the novel. [4]: xiii She later recalled that she did not think she could write a successful book for girls and did not enjoy writing it. [9]: 335- "I plod away, " she wrote in her diary, "although I don't enjoy this sort of things. " [8]: 37 By June, Alcott had sent the first dozen chapters to Niles, and both agreed these were dull. But Niles' niece Lillie Almy read them and said she enjoyed them. [9]: 335–336 The completed manuscript was shown to several girls, who agreed it was "splendid. ” Alcott wrote, "they are the best critics, so I should definitely be satisfied. " [8]: 37 She wrote Little Women "in record time for money, " [7]: 196x2 but the book's immediate success surprised both her and her publisher. [10] Explanation of the novel's title [ edit] According to literary critic Sarah Elbert, when using the term "little women", Alcott was drawing on its Dickensian meaning; it represented the period in a young woman's life where childhood and elder childhood were "overlapping" with young womanhood. Each of the March sister heroines had a harrowing experience that alerted her and the reader that "childhood innocence" was of the past, and that "the inescapable woman problem" was all that remained. [7] [ page needed] Other views suggest that the title was meant to highlight the unfair social inferiority, especially at that time, of women as compared to men, or, alternatively, describe the lives of simple people, "unimportant" in the social sense. [11] Plot summary [ edit] Part One [ edit] Four sisters and their mother, whom they call Marmee, live in a new neighborhood (loosely based on Concord) in Massachusetts in genteel poverty. Having lost all his money, their father is acting as a pastor in the American Civil War, far from home. The women face their first Christmas without him. Meg and Jo March, the elder two, have to work in order to support the family: Meg teaches a nearby family of four children; Jo assists her aged great-aunt March, a wealthy widow living in a mansion, Plumfield. Beth, too timid for school, is content to stay at home and help with housework; Amy is still at school. Meg is beautiful and traditional, Jo is a tomboy who writes; Beth is a peacemaker and a pianist; Amy is an artist who longs for elegance and fine society. Jo is impulsive and quick to anger. One of her challenges is trying to control her anger, a challenge that her mother experiences. She advises Jo to speak with forethought before leaving to travel to Washington, where her husband has pneumonia. Their neighbor, Mr. Laurence, who is charmed by Beth, gives her a piano. Beth contracts scarlet fever after spending time with a poor family where three children die. Jo tends Beth in her illness. Beth recovers, but never fully. As a precaution, Amy is sent to live with Aunt March, replacing Jo, while Beth is ill and still infectious. Jo has success in earning money with her writing. Meg spends two weeks with friends, where there are parties for the girls to dance with boys and improve their social skills. Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, Mr. Laurence's grandson, is invited to one of the dances, as Meg's friends incorrectly think she is in love with him. Meg is more interested in John Brooke, Laurie's young tutor. Brooke goes to Washington to help Mr. March. While with the March parents, Brooke confesses his love for Meg. They are pleased but consider Meg too young to be married. Brooke agrees to wait. He enlists and serves a year or so in the war. After he is wounded, he returns to find work so he can buy a house ready for when he marries Meg. Laurie goes off to college. On Christmas Day, a year after the book's opening, the girls' father returns from the war. Part Two [ edit] (Published separately in the United Kingdom as Good Wives) Three years later, Meg and John marry and learn how to live together. When they have twins, Meg is a devoted mother but John begins to feel left out. Laurie graduates from college, having put in the effort to do well in his last year with Jo's prompting. Amy goes on a European tour with her aunt. Beth's health is weak and her spirits are down. When trying to uncover the reason for Beth's sadness, Jo realizes that Laurie has fallen in love. At first she believes it's with Beth but soon senses it's with herself. Jo confides in Marmee, telling her that she loves Laurie but she loves him like a brother and that she could not love him in a romantic way. Jo decides she wants a bit of adventure and to put distance between herself and Laurie, hoping he will forget his feelings. She spends six months with a friend of her mother in New York City, serving as governess for her two children. The family runs a boarding house. She takes German lessons with Professor Bhaer, who lives in the house. He has come to America from Berlin to care for the orphaned sons of his sister. For extra money, Jo writes stories without a moral, which disappoints Bhaer. He persuades her to give up poorly written sensational stories as her time in New York comes to an end. When she returns, Laurie proposes marriage and she declines. Laurie travels to Europe with his grandfather to escape his heartbreak. At home, Beth's health has seriously deteriorated. Jo devotes her time to the care of her dying sister. Laurie encounters Amy in Europe, and he slowly falls in love with her as he begins to see her in a new light. She is unimpressed by the aimless, idle and forlorn attitude he has adopted since being rejected by Jo, and inspires him to find his purpose and do something worthwhile with his life. With the news of Beth's death, they meet for consolation and their romance grows. Amy's aunt will not allow Amy to return with just Laurie and his grandfather, so they marry before returning home from Europe. Professor Bhaer goes to the Marches' and stays for two weeks. On his last day, he proposes to Jo. Jo accepts. When Aunt March dies, she leaves Plumfield to Jo. Jo and Bhaer turn the house into a school for boys. They have two sons of their own, and Amy and Laurie have a daughter. At apple-picking time, Marmee celebrates her 60th birthday at Plumfield, with her husband, her three surviving daughters, their husbands, and her five grandchildren. Characters [ edit] Margaret "Meg" March [ edit] Meg, the eldest sister, is 16 when the story starts. She is referred to as a beauty and manages the household when her mother is absent. She is long brown-haired and blue-eyed and has particularly beautiful hands. Meg fulfills expectations for women of the time; from the start, she is already a nearly perfect "little woman" in the eyes of the world. [12] Before her marriage to John Brooke, while still living at home, she often lectures her younger sisters to ensure they grow to embody the title of "little women". [13] Meg is employed as a governess for the Kings, a wealthy local family. Because of their father's family's social standing, Meg makes her debut into high society, but is lectured by her friend and neighbor, Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, for behaving like a snob. Meg marries John Brooke, Laurie's tutor. They have twins, Margaret "Daisy" Brooke and John "Demi" Brooke. The sequel, Little Men, mentions a baby daughter, Josephine "Josy" Brooke, [14] who is 14 at the beginning of the final book. [15] Critics have portrayed Meg as lacking in independence, reliant entirely on her husband, and "isolated in her little cottage with two small children". [7]: 204 From this perspective, Meg is seen as the compliant daughter. According to Sarah Elbert, "democratic domesticity requires maturity, strength, and above all a secure identity that Meg lacks". [7]: 204 Others believe that Alcott does not intend to belittle Meg for her ordinary life, and portrays her in loving detail, suffused in a sentimental light. [16] Josephine "Jo" March [ edit] The principal character, Jo, 15 years old at the beginning of the book, is a strong and willful young woman, struggling to subdue her fiery temper and stubborn personality. [17] [18] The second oldest of four sisters, Josephine March is the boyish one; her father has referred to her as his "son Jo, " and her best friend and neighbor, Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, sometimes calls her "my dear fellow, " while she alone calls him Teddy. Jo has a "hot" temper that often leads her into trouble. With the help of her own misguided sense of humor, her sister Beth, and her mother, she works on controlling it. It has been said that much of Louisa May Alcott shows through in these characteristics of Jo. [19] Jo loves literature, both reading and writing. She composes plays for her sisters to perform and writes short stories. She initially rejects the idea of marriage and romance, feeling that it would break up her family and separate her from the sisters whom she adores. While pursuing a literary career in New York City, she meets Friedrich Bhaer, a German professor. On her return home, Jo rejects Laurie's marriage proposal, confirming her independence. After Beth dies, Professor Bhaer woos Jo at her home, when "They decide to share life's burdens just as they shared the load of bundles on their shopping expedition. " [7]: 210 She is 25 years old when she accepts his proposal. The marriage is deferred until her unexpected inheritance of her Aunt March's home a year later. According to critic Barbara Sicherman, "The crucial first point is that the choice is hers, its quirkiness another sign of her much-prized individuality. " [20]: 21 They have two sons, Robin "Rob" Bhaer and Theodore "Teddy" Bhaer. Jo also writes the first part of Little Women during the second portion of the novel. According to Elbert, "her narration signals a successfully completed adolescence". [7]: 199 Elizabeth "Beth" March [ edit] Beth, 13 when the story starts, is described as kind, gentle, sweet, shy, quiet and musical. She is the shyest March sister. [21]: 53 Infused with quiet wisdom, she is the peacemaker of the family and gently scolds her sisters when they argue. [22] As her sisters grow up, they begin to leave home, but Beth has no desire to leave her house or family. She is especially close to Jo: when Beth develops scarlet fever after visiting the Hummels, Jo does most of the nursing and rarely leaves her side. Beth recovers from the acute disease but her health is permanently weakened. As she grows, Beth begins to realize that her time with her loved ones is coming to an end. Finally, the family accepts that Beth will not live much longer. They make a special room for her, filled with all the things she loves best: her kittens, her piano, Father's books, Amy's sketches, and her beloved dolls. She is never idle; she knits and sews things for the children who pass by on their way to and from school. But eventually she puts down her sewing needle, saying it grew "heavy. " Beth's final sickness has a strong effect on her sisters, especially Jo, who resolves to live her life with more consideration and care for everyone. The main loss during Little Women is the death of beloved Beth. Her "self-sacrifice" is ultimately the greatest in the novel. She gives up her life knowing that it has had only private, domestic meaning. " [7]: 206–207 Amy Curtis March [ edit] Amy is the youngest sister and baby of the family, aged 12 when the story begins. Interested in art, she is described as a "regular snow-maiden" with curly golden hair and blue eyes, "pale and slender" and "always carrying herself" like a proper young lady. She is the artist of the family. [23] Often coddled because she is the youngest, Amy can behave in a vain and self-centered way. [24]: 5 She has the middle name Curtis, and is the only March sister to use her full name rather than a diminutive. [25] She is chosen by her aunt to travel in Europe with her, where she grows and makes a decision about the level of her artistic talent and how to direct her adult life. She encounters "Laurie" Laurence and his grandfather during the extended visit. Amy is the least inclined of the sisters to sacrifice and self-denial. She behaves well in good society, at ease with herself. Critic Martha Saxton observes the author was never fully at ease with Amy's moral development and her success in life seemed relatively accidental. [24] However, Amy's morality does appear to develop throughout her adolescence and early adulthood, and she is able to confidently and justly put Laurie in his place when she believes he is wasting his life on pleasurable activities. Ultimately, Amy is shown to work very hard to gain what she wants in life, and to make the most of her success while she has it. Due to her early selfishness (when her friends knew she would not share any pickled lime) and attachment to material things, Amy has been described as the least likable of the four sisters, but she is also the only one who strives to excel at art purely for self-expression, in contrast to Jo, who sometimes writes for financial gain. [26] Additional characters [ edit] Margaret "Marmee" March – The girls' mother and head of household while her husband is away. She engages in charitable works and lovingly guides her girls' morals and their characters. She once confesses to Jo that her temper is as volatile as Jo's, but that she has learned to control it. [27]: 130 Somewhat modeled after the author's own mother, she is the focus around which the girls' lives unfold as they grow. [27]: 2 Robert March – Formerly wealthy, the father is portrayed as having helped a friend who could not repay a debt, resulting in his family's genteel poverty. A scholar and a minister, he serves as a chaplain in the Union Army during the Civil War and is wounded in December 1862. After the war he becomes minister to a small congregation. Professor Friedrich Bhaer – A middle-aged, "philosophically inclined", and penniless German immigrant in New York City who had been a noted professor in Berlin. Also known as Fritz, he initially lives in Mrs. Kirke's boarding house and works as a language master. [21]: 61 He and Jo become friends, and he critiques her writing. He encourages her to become a serious writer instead of writing sensational stories for weekly tabloids. "Bhaer has all the qualities Bronson Alcott lacked: warmth, intimacy, and a tender capacity for expressing his affection—the feminine attributes Alcott admired and hoped men could acquire in a rational, feminist world. " [7]: 210 They eventually marry and raise his two orphaned nephews, Franz and Emil, and their own sons, Rob and Teddy. [28] Robin and Theodore Bhaer ("Rob" and "Teddy") – Jo's and Fritz's sons, introduced in the final pages of the novel, named after the March girls' father and Laurie. John Brooke – During his employment as a tutor to Laurie, he falls in love with Meg. He accompanies Mrs. March to Washington D. C. when her husband is ill with pneumonia. When Laurie leaves for college, Brooke continues his employment with Mr. Laurence as a bookkeeper. When Aunt March overhears Meg accepting John's declaration of love, she threatens Meg with disinheritance because she suspects that Brooke is only interested in Meg's future prospects. Eventually, Meg admits her feelings to Brooke, they defy Aunt March (who ends up accepting the marriage), and they are engaged. Brooke serves in the Union Army for a year and is sent home as an invalid when he is wounded. Brooke marries Meg a few years later when the war has ended and she has turned twenty. Brooke was modeled after John Bridge Pratt, her sister Anna's husband. [29] Margaret and John Laurence Brooke ("Daisy" and "Demijohn/Demi") – Meg's twin son and daughter. Daisy is named after both Meg and Marmee, while Demi is named for John and the Laurence family. Josephine Brooke ("Josy" or "Josie") – Meg's youngest child, named after Jo. She develops a passion for acting as she grows up. Uncle and Aunt Carrol – Sister and brother-in-law of Mr. They take Amy to Europe with them, where Uncle Carrol frequently tries to be like an English gentleman. Florence "Flo" Carrol – Amy's cousin, daughter of Aunt and Uncle Carrol, and companion in Europe. May and Mrs. Chester – A well-to-do family with whom the Marches are acquainted. May Chester is a girl about Amy's age, who is rich and jealous of Amy's popularity and talent. Miss Crocker – An old and poor spinster who likes to gossip and who has few friends. Mr. Dashwood – Publisher and editor of the Weekly Volcano. Mr. Davis – The schoolteacher at Amy's school. He punishes Amy for bringing pickled limes to school by striking her palm and making her stand on a platform in front of the class. She is withdrawn from the school by her mother. Estelle "Esther" Valnor – A French woman employed as a servant for Aunt March who befriends Amy. The Gardiners – Wealthy friends of Meg's. Daughter Sallie Gardiner later marries Ned Moffat. The Hummels – A poor German family consisting of a widowed mother and six children. Marmee and the girls help them by bringing food, firewood, blankets, and other comforts. They help with minor repairs to their small dwelling. Three of the children die of scarlet fever and Beth contracts the disease while caring for them. The eldest daughter, Lottchen "Lotty" Hummel, later works as a matron at Jo's school at Plumfield The Kings – A wealthy family with four children for whom Meg works as a governess. The Kirkes – Mrs. Kirke is a friend of Mrs. March's who runs a boarding house in New York. She employs Jo as governess to her two daughters, Kitty and Minnie. The Lambs – A well-off family with whom the Marches are acquainted. James Laurence – Laurie's grandfather and a wealthy neighbor of the Marches. Lonely in his mansion, and often at odds with his high-spirited grandson, he finds comfort in becoming a benefactor to the Marches. He protects the March sisters while their parents are away. He was a friend to Mrs. March's father, and admires their charitable works. He develops a special, tender friendship with Beth, who reminds him of his late granddaughter. He gives Beth the girl's piano. Theodore "Laurie" Laurence – A rich young man who lives opposite the Marches, older than Jo but younger than Meg. Laurie is the "boy next door" to the March family and has an overprotective paternal grandfather, Mr. Laurence. After eloping with an Italian pianist, Laurie's father was disowned by his parents. Both Laurie's mother and father died young, so as a boy Laurie was taken in by his grandfather. Preparing to enter Harvard, Laurie is being tutored by John Brooke. He is described as attractive and charming, with black eyes, brown skin, and curly black hair. He later falls in love with Amy and they marry; they have one child, a little girl named after Beth: Elizabeth "Bess" Laurence. Sometimes Jo calls Laurie "Teddy". Though Alcott did not make Laurie as multidimensional as the female characters, she partly based him on Ladislas Wisniewski, a young Polish émigré she had befriended, and Alf Whitman, a friend from Lawrence, Kansas. [4]: 202 [6]: 241 [24]: 287 According to author and professor Jan Susina, the portrayal of Laurie is as "the fortunate outsider", observing Mrs. March and the March sisters. He agrees with Alcott that Laurie is not strongly developed as a character. [30] Elizabeth Laurence ("Bess") – The only daughter of Laurie and Amy, named for Beth. Like her mother, she develops a love for art as she grows up. Aunt Josephine March – Mr. March's aunt, a rich widow. Somewhat temperamental and prone to being judgmental, she disapproves of the family's poverty, their charitable work, and their general disregard for the more superficial aspects of society's ways. Her vociferous disapproval of Meg's impending engagement to the impoverished Mr. Brooke becomes the proverbial "last straw" that actually causes Meg to accept his proposal. She appears to be strict and cold, but deep down, she's really quite soft-hearted. She dies near the end of the first book, and Jo and Friedrich turn her estate into a school for boys. Annie Moffat – A fashionable and wealthy friend of Meg and Sallie Gardiner. Ned Moffat – Annie Moffat's brother, who marries Sallie Gardiner. Hannah Mullet – The March family maid and cook, their only servant. She is of Irish descent and very dear to the family. She is treated more like a member of the family than a servant. Miss Norton – A friendly, well-to-do tenant living in Mrs. Kirke's boarding house. She occasionally invites Jo to accompany her to lectures and concerts. Susie Perkins – A girl at Amy's school. The Scotts – Friends of Meg and John Brooke. John knows Mr. Scott from work. Tina – The young daughter of an employee of Mrs. Kirke. Tina loves Mr. Bhaer and treats him like a father. The Vaughans – English friends of Laurie's who come to visit him. Kate is the oldest of the Vaughan siblings, and prim and proper Grace is the youngest. The middle siblings, Fred and Frank, are twins; Frank is the younger twin. Fred Vaughan – A Harvard friend of Laurie's who, in Europe, courts Amy. Rivalry with the much richer Fred for Amy's love inspires the dissipated Laurie to pull himself together and become more worthy of her. Amy will eventually reject Fred, knowing she does not love him and deciding not to marry out of ambition. [31] Frank Vaughan – Fred's twin brother, mentioned a few times in the novel. When Fred and Amy are both traveling in Europe, Fred leaves because he hears his twin is ill. Inspiration [ edit] The attic at Fruitlands where Alcott lived and acted out plays at 11 years old. Note that the ceiling area is around 4 feet high For her books, Alcott was often inspired by familiar elements. The characters in Little Women are recognizably drawn from family members and friends. [3] [4]: 202 Her married sister Anna was Meg, the family beauty. Lizzie, Alcott's beloved sister who died at the age of twenty-three, was the model for Beth, and May, Alcott's strong-willed sister, was portrayed as Amy, whose pretentious affectations cause her occasional downfalls. [4]: 202 Alcott portrayed herself as Jo. Alcott readily corresponded with readers who addressed her as "Miss March" or "Jo", and she did not correct them. [32] [33]: 31 However, Alcott's portrayal, even if inspired by her family, is an idealized one. For instance, Mr. March is portrayed as a hero of the American Civil War, a gainfully employed chaplain, and, presumably, a source of inspiration to the women of the family. He is absent for most of the novel. [33]: 51 In contrast, Bronson Alcott was very present in his family's household, due in part to his inability to find steady work. While he espoused many of the educational principles touted by the March family, he was loud and dictatorial. His lack of financial independence was a source of humiliation to his wife and daughters. [33]: 51 The March family is portrayed living in genteel penury, but the Alcott family, dependent on an improvident, impractical father, suffered real poverty and occasional hunger. [34] In addition to her own childhood and that of her sisters, scholars who have examined the diaries of Louisa Alcott's mother, Abigail Alcott, have surmised that Little Women was also heavily inspired by Abigail Alcott's own early life. [27]: 6 Publication history [ edit] The first volume of Little Women was published in 1868 by Roberts Brothers. [35] The first printing of 2, 000 copies sold out quickly, and the company had trouble keeping up with demand for additional printings. They announced: "The great literary hit of the season is undoubtedly Miss Alcott's Little Women, the orders for which continue to flow in upon us to such an extent as to make it impossible to answer them with promptness. " [8]: 37 The last line of Chapter 23 in the first volume is "So the curtain falls upon Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Whether it ever rises again, depends upon the reception given the first act of the domestic drama called Little Women. " [36] Alcott delivered the manuscript for the second volume on New Year's Day 1869, just three months after publication of part one. [9]: 345 Versions in the late 20th and 21st centuries combine both portions into one book, under the title Little Women, with the later-written portion marked as Part 2, as this Bantam Classic paperback edition, initially published in 1983 typifies. [37] There are 23 chapters in Part 1 and 47 chapters in the complete book. Each chapter is numbered and has a title as well. Part 2, Chapter 24 opens with "In order that we may start afresh and go to Meg's wedding with free minds, it will be well to begin with a little gossip about the Marches. " [36] Editions published in the 21st century may be the original text unaltered, the original text with illustrations, the original text annotated for the reader (explaining terms of 1868–69 that are less common now), the original text modernized and abridged, or the original text abridged. [38] The British influence, giving Part 2 its own title, Good Wives, has the book still published in two volumes, with Good Wives beginning three years after Little Women ends, especially in the UK and Canada, but also with some US editions. Some editions listed under Little Women appear to include both parts, especially in the audio book versions. [38] Editions are shown in continuous print from many publishers, as hardback, paperback, audio, and e-book versions, from the 1980s to 2015. [38] [39] This split of the two volumes also shows at Goodreads, which refers to the books as the Little Women series, including Little Women, Good Wives, Little Men and Jo's Boys. [40] Reception [ edit] G. K. Chesterton notes that in Little Women, Alcott "anticipated realism by twenty or thirty years", and that Fritz's proposal to Jo, and her acceptance, "is one of the really human things in human literature. " [41] Gregory S. Jackson said that Alcott's use of realism belongs to the American Protestant pedagogical tradition, which includes a range of religious literary traditions with which Alcott was familiar. He has copies in his book of nineteenth-century images of devotional children's guides which provide background for the game of "pilgrims progress" that Alcott uses in her plot of Book One. [42] Little Women was well received upon first publication. According to 21st-century critic Barbara Sicherman there was, during the 19th century, a "scarcity of models for nontraditional womanhood", which led more women to look toward "literature for self-authorization. This is especially true during adolescence. " [20]: 2 Little Women became "the paradigmatic text for young women of the era and one in which family literary culture is prominently featured. " [20]: 3 Adult elements of women's fiction in Little Women included "a change of heart necessary" for the female protagonist to evolve in the story. [7]: 199 In the late 20th century some scholars criticized the novel. Sarah Elbert, for instance, wrote that Little Women was the beginning of "a decline in the radical power of women's fiction", partly because women's fiction was being idealized with a "hearth and home" children's story. [7]: 197 Women's literature historians and juvenile fiction historians have agreed that Little Women was the beginning of this "downward spiral". But Elbert says that Little Women did not "belittle women's fiction" and that Alcott stayed true to her "Romantic birthright". [7]: 198–199 Little Women' s popular audience was responsive to ideas of social change as they were shown "within the familiar construct of domesticity". [7]: 220 While Alcott had been commissioned to "write a story for girls", her primary heroine, Jo March, became a favorite of many different women, including educated women writers through the 20th century. The girl story became a "new publishing category with a domestic focus that paralleled boys' adventure stories". [20]: 3–4 One reason the novel was so popular was that it appealed to different classes of women along with those of different national backgrounds, at a time of high immigration to the United States. Through the March sisters, women could relate and dream where they may not have before. [20]: 3–4 "Both the passion Little Women has engendered in diverse readers and its ability to survive its era and transcend its genre point to a text of unusual permeability. " [20]: 35 At the time, young girls perceived that marriage was their end goal. After the publication of the first volume, many girls wrote to Alcott asking her "who the little women marry". [20]: 21 The unresolved ending added to the popularity of Little Women. Sicherman said that the unsatisfying ending worked to "keep the story alive" as if the reader might find it ended differently upon different readings. [20]: 21 "Alcott particularly battled the conventional marriage plot in writing Little Women. " [43] Alcott did not have Jo accept Laurie's hand in marriage; rather, when she arranged for Jo to marry, she portrayed an unconventional man as her husband. Alcott used Friedrich to "subvert adolescent romantic ideals" because he was much older and seemingly unsuited for Jo. [20]: 21 In 2003 Little Women was ranked number 18 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by the BBC to determine the "Nation's Best-loved Novel" (not children's novel); it is fourth-highest among novels published in the U. S. on that list. [44] Based on a 2007 online poll, the U. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". [45] In 2012 it was ranked number 48 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily US audience. [46] Influence [ edit] Little Women has been one of the most widely read novels, noted by Stern from a 1927 report in the New York Times and cited in Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays. [47] Ruth MacDonald argued that "Louisa May Alcott stands as one of the great American practitioners of the girls' novel and the family story. " [48] In the 1860s, gendered separation of children's fiction was a newer division in literature. This division signaled a beginning of polarization of gender roles as social constructs "as class stratification increased". [20]: 18 Joy Kasson wrote, "Alcott chronicled the coming of age of young girls, their struggles with issues such as selfishness and generosity, the nature of individual integrity, and, above all, the question of their place in the world around them. " [49] Girls related to the March sisters in Little Women, along with following the lead of their heroines, by assimilating aspects of the story into their own lives. [20]: 22 After reading Little Women, some women felt the need to "acquire new and more public identities", however dependent on other factors such as financial resources. [20]: 55 While Little Women showed regular lives of American middle-class girls, it also "legitimized" their dreams to do something different and allowed them to consider the possibilities. [20]: 36 More young women started writing stories that had adventurous plots and "stories of individual achievement—traditionally coded male—challenged women's socialization into domesticity. " [20]: 55 Little Women also influenced contemporary European immigrants to the United States who wanted to assimilate into middle-class culture. In the pages of Little Women, young and adolescent girls read the normalization of ambitious women. This provided an alternative to the previously normalized gender roles. [20]: 35 Little Women repeatedly reinforced the importance of "individuality" and "female vocation". [20]: 26 Little Women had "continued relevance of its subject" and "its longevity points as well to surprising continuities in gender norms from the 1860s at least through the 1960s. " [20]: 35 Those interested in domestic reform could look to the pages of Little Women to see how a "democratic household" would operate. [7]: 276 While "Alcott never questioned the value of domesticity", she challenged the social constructs that made spinsters obscure and fringe members of society solely because they were not married. [7]: 193 " Little Women indisputably enlarges the myth of American womanhood by insisting that the home and the women's sphere cherish individuality and thus produce young adults who can make their way in the world while preserving a critical distance from its social arrangements. " As with all youth, the March girls had to grow up. These sisters, and in particular Jo, were apprehensive about adulthood because they were afraid that, by conforming to what society wanted, they would lose their special individuality. [7]: 199 Alcott's Jo also made professional writing imaginable for generations of women. Writers as diverse as Maxine Hong Kingston, Margaret Atwood, and J. Rowling have noted the influence of Jo March on their artistic development. Even other fictional portraits of young women aspiring to authorship often reference Jo March. [50] Alcott "made women's rights integral to her stories, and above all to Little Women. " [7]: 193 Alcott's fiction became her "most important feminist contribution"—even considering all the effort Alcott made to help facilitate women's rights. " [7]: 193 She thought that "a democratic household could evolve into a feminist society". In Little Women, she imagined that just such an evolution might begin with Plumfield, a nineteenth century feminist utopia. [7]: 194 Little Women has a timeless resonance which reflects Alcott's grasp of her historical framework in the 1860s. The novel's ideas do not intrude themselves upon the reader because the author is wholly in control of the implications of her imaginative structure. Sexual equality is the salvation of marriage and the family; democratic relationships make happy endings. This is the unifying imaginative frame of Little Women. [7]: 276 Adaptations [ edit] Stage [ edit] Scene from the 1912 Broadway production of Little Women, adapted by Marian de Forest Katharine Cornell became a star in the 1919 London production of de Forest's adaptation of Little Women Marian de Forest adapted Little Women for the Broadway stage in 1912. [51] The 1919 London production made a star of Katharine Cornell, who played the role of Jo. [52] A one-act stage version, written by Gerald P. Murphy in 2009, [53] has been produced in the US, UK, Italy, Australia, Ireland, and Singapore. [ citation needed] Myriad Theatre & Film adapted the novel as a full-length play which was staged in London and Essex in 2011. [54] Marisha Chamberlain [55] [56] and June Lowery [57] have both adapted the novel as a full-length play; the latter play was staged in Luxembourg in 2014. Isabella Russell-Ides created two stage adaptations. Her Little Women featured an appearance by author, Louisa May Alcott. Jo & Louisa features a rousing confrontation between the unhappy character, Jo March, who wants rewrites from her author. [58] [59] A new adaptation by award-winning playwright Kate Hamill had its world premiere in 2018 at the Jungle Theater in Minneapolis, followed by a New York premiere in 2019 at Primary Stages directed by Sarna Lapine. [60] Film [ edit] Little Women has been adapted to film seven times. The first adaptation was a silent film directed by Alexander Butler and released in 1917, which starred Daisy Burrell as Amy, Mary Lincoln as Meg, Ruby Miller as Jo, and Muriel Myers as Beth. It is considered a lost film. Another silent film adaptation was released in 1918 and directed by Harley Knoles. It starred Isabel Lamon as Meg, Dorothy Bernard as Jo, Lillian Hall as Beth, and Florence Flinn as Amy. George Cukor directed the first sound adaptation of Little Women, starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo, Joan Bennett as Amy, Frances Dee as Meg, and Jean Parker as Beth. The film was released in 1933 and followed by an adaptation of Little Men the year after. The first color adaptation starred June Allyson as Jo, Margaret O'Brien as Beth, Elizabeth Taylor as Amy, and Janet Leigh as Meg. Directed by Mervyn LeRoy, it was released in 1949. Gillian Armstrong directed a 1994 adaptation, which starred Winona Ryder as Jo, Trini Alvarado as Meg, Samantha Mathis and Kirsten Dunst as Amy, and Claire Danes as Beth. [61] The film received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Actress for Ryder. A contemporary film adaptation [62] was released in 2018 to mark the 150th anniversary of the novel. [63] It was directed by Clare Niederpruem in her directorial debut and starred Sarah Davenport as Jo, Allie Jennings as Beth, Melanie Stone as Meg, and Elise Jones and Taylor Murphy as Amy. [63] A 2019 adaptation directed by Greta Gerwig starred Saoirse Ronan as Jo, Emma Watson as Meg, Florence Pugh as Amy, and Eliza Scanlen as Beth. The film received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture. [64] Television [ edit] Little Women was adapted into a television musical, in 1958, by composer Richard Adler for CBS. [65] Little Women has been made into a serial four times by the BBC: in 1950 (when it was shown live), in 1958, in 1970, [66] and in 2017. [67] The 3-episode 2017 series development was supported by PBS, and was aired as part of the PBS Masterpiece anthology in 2018. Universal Television produced a two-part miniseries based on the novel, which aired on NBC in 1978. It was followed by a 1979 series. In the 1980s, two anime series were made in Japan, Little Women in 1981 and Tales of Little Women in 1987. Both anime series were dubbed in English and shown on American television. In 2012, Lifetime aired The March Sisters at Christmas (directed by John Simpson), a contemporary television film focusing on the title characters' efforts to save their family home from being sold. [68] It is usually rebroadcast on the channel each holiday season. [69] A 2018 adaption is that of Manor Rama Pictures LLP of Karan Raj Kohli & Viraj Kapur which streams on the ALTBalaji app in India. The web series is called Haq Se. Set in Kashmir, the series is a modern-day Indian adaptation of the book. Musicals and opera [ edit] The novel was adapted to a musical of the same name and debuted on Broadway at the Virginia Theatre on January 23, 2005 and closed on May 22, 2005 after 137 performances. A production was also staged in Sydney, Australia in 2008. [70] The Houston Grand Opera commissioned and performed Little Women in 1998. The opera was aired on television by PBS in 2001 and has been staged by other opera companies since the premiere. [71] There is a Canadian musical version, with book by Nancy Early and music and lyrics by Jim Betts, which has been produced at several regional theatres in Canada. There was another musical version, entitled "Jo", with music by William Dyer and book and lyrics by Don Parks & William Dyer, which was produced off-Broadway at the Orpheum Theatre. It ran for 63 performances from February 12, 1964, to April 5, 1964. It featured Karin Wolfe (Jo), Susan Browning (Meg), Judith McCauley (Beth), April Shawhan (Amy), Don Stewart (Laurie), Joy Hodges (Marmee), Lowell Harris (John Brooke) and Mimi Randolph (Aunt March). Audio drama [ edit] A radio play starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo was made to accompany the 1933 film. Grand Audiobooks hold the current copyright. A dramatized version, produced by Focus on the Family Radio Theatre, [72] was released on September 4, 2012. See also [ edit] Hillside (later renamed The Wayside), the Alcott family home (1845–1848) and real-life setting for some of the book's scenes Orchard House, the Alcott family home (1858–1877) and site where the book was written; adjacent to The Wayside References [ edit] ^ Longest, David (1998). Little Women of Orchard House: A Full-length Play. Dramatic Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 9780871298577. ^ Sparknotes: literature. Spark Educational Publishing. 2004. p. 465. ISBN 9781411400269. ^ a b Alberghene, Janice (1999). Alberghene, Janice M. and Clark, Beverly Lyon (eds. ). Autobiography and the Boundaries of Interpretation on Reading Little Women and the Living is Easy. Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays. Psychology Press. p. 355. ISBN 9780815320494. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ a b c d e f g Cheever, Susan (2011). Louisa May Alcott: A Personal Biography. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1416569923. ^ Cullen Sizer, Lyde (2000). The Political Work of Northern Women Writers and the Civil War, 1850–1872. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780807860984. ^ a b Reisen, Harriet (2010). Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312658878. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Elbert, Sarah (1987). A Hunger for Home: Louisa May Alcott's Place in American Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1199-2. ^ a b c d Author Madison, Charles A. (1974). Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974. New York: R. R. Bowker Company. ISBN 0-8352-0772-2. ^ a b c Matteson, John (2007). Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33359-6. ^ Smith, David E. James, Edward T. (ed. "Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1". Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1. Harvard University Press: 29. ISBN 9780674627345. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (2010). "Foreword". Little Women. Collins Classics. HarperCollins UK. p. vi. ISBN 9780007382644. ^ Hermeling, Ines (2010). The Image of Society and Women in Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women". GRIN Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 9783640591220. ^ Caspi, Jonathan (2010). Sibling Development: Implications for Mental Health Practitioners. Springer Publishing Company. p. 147. ISBN 9780826117533. ^ Alcott, Louisa May. Little Men. p. Chapter 2. Baby Josy had a flannel petticoat beautifully made by Sister Daisy ^ Alcott, Louisa May. Jo's Boys. p. Chapter 1. ^ "Characters Margaret Meg March Meg the eldest sister is sixteen when the story".. Retrieved 2018-11-07. ^ Alcott, Louisa (August 1, 2013). search of mentions of Jo March. Simon and Schuster. ^ Acocella, Joan (2018-08-20). "How "Little Women" Got Big". ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-02-25. ^ "Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women, The Character of Jo March". American Masters. December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sicherman, Barbara (2010). Well Read Lives: How Books Inspired A Generation of American Women. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3308-7. ^ a b Keith, Lois (2001). Take Up Thy Bed and Walk: Death, Disability and Cure in Classic Fiction for Girls. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415937405. ^ Apter, T. E. (2007). The Sister Knot: Why We Fight, why We're Jealous, and why We'll Love Each Other No Matter what. p. 137. ISBN 9780393060584. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (1880). Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Wilson and Son. Retrieved 2010-05-31. ^ a b c Saxton, Martha (1977). Louisa May Alcott: A Modern Biography. Macmillan. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (1880). Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. p. 213. Retrieved May 13, 2015. Curtis. ^ Hollander, Anne (2000). Feeding the Eye. University of California Press. p. 233. ISBN 0520226593. ^ a b c LaPlante, Eve (2013). Marmee & Louisa: The Untold Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Mother. ISBN 9781451620672. ^ Masse, Michelle (1999). "Songs to Aging Children: Alcott's March Trilogy". In Alberghene, Janice M. p. 338. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Alcott, Louisa (2000). The Portable Louisa May Alcott. Penguin. p. 1854. ISBN 9781101177044. ^ Susina, Jan (1999). "Men and Little Women Notes of a Resisting (Male) Reader". pp. 161–70. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Seelinger Trites, Roberta (2009). "Journeys with Little Women". In Betsy Gould Hearne, Roberta Seelinger Trites (eds. A Narrative Compass: Stories that Guide Women's Lives. University of Illinois Press. p. 15. ISBN 0252076117. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Sicherman, Barbara (1995). "Reading Little Women: The Many lives of a Text". In Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar (eds. U. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays. University of North Carolina Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780807866863. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ a b c Keyser, Elizabeth Lennox (2000). Little Women: A Family Romance. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820322803. ‘I am Jo, in the principal characteristics, not the good ones. ’ ^ "Alcott: 'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was ' ". NPR. December 28, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ Cheney, Ednah Dow, ed. (1889). Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals. Boston: Applewood Books. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4290-4460-8. ^ a b Alcott, Louisa May (August 19, 2010) [1868]. "Little Women". ProjectGutenberg. Retrieved April 9, 2015. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (April 1, 1983) [1868]. ISBN 978-0553212754. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ a b c Louisa May Alcott. "Little Women" (Part 1 ed. Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ Louisa May Alcott. "Good Wives (Little Women) (1869)" (Part 2 ed. "Little Women series". Goodreads. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ Chesterton, G. (1953). "Louisa Alcott". A Handful of Authors. ^ Jackson, Gregory S. (2009). The Word and Its Witness: The Spiritualization of American Realism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 125–56. ISBN 978-0-226-39004-8. ^ Boyd, Anne E. (2004). Writing for Immortality: Women Writers and the Emergence of High Literary Culture in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-8018-7875-6. ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved December 12, 2013. ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". School Library Journal "A Fuse No. 8 Production" blog. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Alberghese, Janice M. and Clark, Beverly Lyon, eds. (1999). "Little Women Leads Poll: Novel Rated Ahead of Bible for Influence on High School Pupils". p. xliv. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ MacDonald, Ruth M. (1983). Louisa May Alcott. Boston: Twayne Publishers. 95. ^ Alcott, Louisa May; Kasson, Joy S. (1994). "Introduction". Work: A Story of Experience. New York: Penguin Books. p. ix. ISBN 014039091X. ^ Isaac, Megan Lynn (2018). "A Character of One's Own: The Perils of Female Authorship in the Young Adult Novel from Alcott to Birdsall". Children's Literature. 46: 133–168 – via JSTOR. ^ "Little Women". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved December 28, 2018. ^ Cornell, Katharine (September 1938). "I Wanted to Be an Actress". Stage. New York City: Stage Magazine Company, Inc. p. 13. Retrieved December 28, 2018. ^ Murphy, Gerald P. Lazy Bee Scripts. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Stephens, Connie (Winter 2011). Myriad Theatre & Film, bringing the classics to life. London, UK. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "Little Women". Marisha Chamberlain. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ Chamberlain, Marisha. "Little Women (full length)".. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ^ Lowery, June (Fall 2014). "Little Women (Les Quatre Filles du Docteur March)". Berliner Grundtheater Group. Retrieved January 31, 2016. ^ Heimberg, Martha (2019-07-21). "TheaterJones | FIT Review: Jo & Louisa | Festival of Independent Theatres".. Retrieved 2019-09-26. ^ Jul 26; 2019 | 1 (2019-07-26). "Pitching another FIT". Dallas Voice. Retrieved 2019-09-26. ^ "Little Women, 2019 Season". Retrieved 24 October 2019. ^ 1994. "Little Women (1994) by IMDB".. Retrieved 2017-05-09. ^ "Casting Call". Little Women, a modern adaptation. Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ a b Busch, Anita (April 27, 2017). "Lea Thompson To Star in New Feature Adaptation Of 'Little Women ' ".. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ Eldredge, Kristy (27 December 2019). "Opinion | Men Are Dismissing 'Little Women. ' What a Surprise". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Mercer, Charles (September 21, 1958). "Beth Lives in TV musical of "Little Women " ". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 23, 2017. ^ Little Women (1970) on IMDb ^ Little Women (2017) on IMDb ^ "The March Sisters at Christmas TV Show". Retrieved April 16, 2016. ^ The March Sisters at Christmas on IMDb ^ Morgan, Clare (November 11, 2008). "Stakes are high for Kookaburra's sister act". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ Adamo, Mark (2007). Mark Adamo Online. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ "Little Women (Audio Drama) by Focus on the Family Radio Theatre on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2015-11-16. External links [ edit] Little Women at Project Gutenberg Lesson plans for Little Women at Web English Teacher "Top 100 Children's Novels #25". School Library Journal Blog. Retrieved 2012-05-20. 1945 radio adaptation of novel at Theatre Guild on the Air at the Internet Archive Little Women public domain audiobook at LibriVox Rudin, Shai (2019). "The Hidden Feminist Agenda and Corresponding Edification in the Novel Little Women by Louisa May Alcott". Childhood, Vol. 3. pp. 115–132.
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